How Many Times Can Urethroplasty Be Done?
There is no fixed lifetime limit on urethroplasty. Learn what determines whether another repair is possible and how redo surgery…
Patient Education Library Reconstructive Urology
Reconstructive Urology
Urethrocutaneous Fistula: Causes and Treatment
Urethrocutaneous fistula causes urine to leak through a skin opening. Learn the causes, evaluation and when infection control or reconstruction…
Ureterovaginal Fistula After Hysterectomy
Ureterovaginal fistula commonly follows ureteric injury during pelvic surgery. Learn why leakage may occur despite normal urination and how it…
Urinary Fistula After Gynecological Surgery
Urinary fistula after gynecological surgery may involve the bladder, ureter or urethra. Learn how the source of leakage is identified…
Urinary Leakage After Hysterectomy: Could It Be a Urinary Fistula?
Continuous urine-like vaginal leakage after hysterectomy may indicate a bladder or ureteric fistula. Learn which symptoms and tests help identify…
Vesicovaginal Fistula: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
Vesicovaginal fistula causes urine leakage from bladder to vagina. Learn the typical symptoms, diagnostic tests, catheter drainage and repair options.
Vesicovaginal Fistula Repair Explained
VVF repair closes an abnormal bladder-vagina connection. Learn how the surgical route is chosen, catheter recovery, recurrence and follow-up after…
Psoas Hitch Surgery Explained
A psoas hitch mobilises the bladder to reach a shortened distal ureter without tension. Learn when it is used with…
Boari Flap Surgery Explained
A Boari flap uses bladder wall to bridge a longer ureteric defect. Learn when it is suitable, how the flap…
Buccal Mucosal Graft Ureteroplasty
Buccal mucosal graft ureteroplasty uses cheek lining to widen a long ureteric stricture. Learn who may benefit, limitations, recovery and…
Ileal Ureter Replacement for Long Ureteric Stricture
Ileal ureter uses a segment of small bowel to replace or bypass a long diseased ureter. Learn the indications, metabolic…
Ureteric Reimplantation Explained
Ureteric reimplantation reconnects the ureter to the bladder. Learn when direct reimplant, psoas hitch or Boari flap may be needed…