Kidney Stone Analysis Report Explained
Stone analysis identifies calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite, cystine or other components. Learn how composition changes prevention and…
Patient Education Library Tests, Scans and Reports
Tests, Scans and Reports
Urodynamic Test Explained
Urodynamics measures bladder storage and voiding pressures. Learn detrusor overactivity, compliance, obstruction, weak bladder findings and key report terms.
Split Kidney Function: What Does It Mean?
Split renal function shows the percentage contribution of each kidney to total function. Learn how to interpret 50/50, reduced function…
DTPA / Renal Scan Explained
A DTPA renal scan measures kidney perfusion, uptake, drainage and relative function. Learn renogram curves, diuretic response, split function and…
Cancer Staging Report Explained
Understand TNM, clinical vs pathological stage, grade and stage groups, with practical examples from prostate, bladder, kidney and testicular cancers.
HPE / Biopsy Report Explained
Learn how to read a urology biopsy or HPE report, including grade, invasion, margins, muscle involvement, Gleason/ISUP terms and when…
High Creatinine with Urinary Obstruction
High creatinine with urinary obstruction can represent post-renal acute kidney injury and may need urgent drainage. Learn the warning signs…
Residual Urine After Passing Urine
Residual urine is interpreted by volume, voided amount, symptoms and risk—not one cutoff. Learn when post-void urine is important and…
Trabeculated Bladder on Ultrasound
A trabeculated bladder often reflects long-term bladder workload. Learn common causes, what it means for bladder function and when more…
Renal Cyst on Ultrasound
Most simple kidney cysts are benign and need no treatment. Learn which ultrasound features are reassuring and when a complex…
Hydronephrosis on Ultrasound
Hydronephrosis means dilation of the kidney collecting system, usually from impaired drainage. Learn mild/moderate/severe findings, causes and when it is…
Prostate Enlargement on Ultrasound
Prostate size on ultrasound does not equal symptom severity or cancer. Learn how volume, median lobe, residual urine, flow and…