Urine Routine Microscopy Report Explained
Learn how to read urine routine and microscopy: RBCs, pus cells/WBCs, protein, glucose, nitrite, leukocyte esterase, crystals, casts and bacteria.
Patient Education Library Tests, Scans and Reports
Tests, Scans and Reports
Post-Void Residual Urine Explained
Post-void residual (PVR) is the urine left in the bladder after urination. Learn what different values may mean and why…
Uroflowmetry Report Explained
Learn how to read a uroflowmetry report: Qmax, average flow, voided volume, flow curve and why a low flow rate…
MCU Test Explained
MCU (micturating cystourethrogram) shows the bladder and urethra during urination. Learn how it detects reflux, posterior urethral valves and urethral…
RGU Test Explained
RGU or retrograde urethrogram is an X-ray test for urethral narrowing and injury. Learn how it is done, what stricture…
IVP / IVU Test Explained
IVP or IVU is an older contrast X-ray test of the urinary tract. Learn how it works, what delayed excretion…
X-Ray KUB Explained
A KUB X-ray can show many radiopaque urinary stones but misses others. Learn what the report means, its limitations and…
CT Urography Report Explained
CT urography evaluates kidneys, ureters and bladder with contrast. Learn how to read phases, filling defects, urothelial lesions, renal masses…
CT KUB Report Explained
Understand a CT KUB report: stone size and location, Hounsfield units, hydronephrosis, ureteric obstruction, secondary signs and what usually happens…
Ultrasound KUB Report Explained
Learn how to read an ultrasound KUB report, including kidney size, stones, hydronephrosis, bladder findings, prostate volume and post-void residual…