Ileal Conduit Explained
An ileal conduit is a urinary diversion in which a short segment of small bowel carries urine from the ureters…
Patient Education Library Uro-Oncology
Uro-Oncology
Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Understand muscle-invasive bladder cancer staging, peri-operative systemic treatment, radical cystectomy, urinary diversion and trimodality bladder preservation.
BCG Therapy for Bladder Cancer
Intravesical BCG is an immune treatment placed directly into the bladder for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. It reduces recurrence and…
Intravesical Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer
Intravesical chemotherapy places anti-cancer medicine directly inside the bladder for selected non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers. It can reduce recurrence with limited…
TURBT Surgery Explained
TURBT removes a bladder tumour through the urethra without an abdominal incision. It is the key procedure for diagnosing grade…
Low-Grade vs High-Grade Bladder Cancer
Bladder-cancer grade describes how abnormal the tumour cells look. Low-grade tumours recur often but progress less often; high-grade tumours carry…
Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer includes Ta, T1 and carcinoma in situ. Treatment begins with TURBT and then depends on the risk…
Painless Blood in Urine: Why It Matters
Painless visible blood in urine is a classic warning sign of bladder cancer, although stones, infection and other benign causes…
Cystoscopy for Bladder Cancer
Cystoscopy uses a thin camera through the urethra to inspect the bladder lining. It is central to diagnosing bladder cancer…
Erectile Dysfunction After Prostate Cancer Treatment
Erectile dysfunction is common after prostatectomy, radiation and hormone therapy. Recovery depends on baseline function, nerve preservation, age and vascular…
Bladder Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
Understand bladder cancer symptoms, cystoscopy and TURBT, stage and grade, BCG, cystectomy, bladder-preserving treatment, urinary diversion and follow-up.
Prostate Cancer Recurrence Explained
Prostate-cancer recurrence is often first detected by a rising PSA before symptoms or scans are abnormal. Treatment depends on the…