Bladder Cancer Stages Explained: Ta, T1, T2 and Beyond
Bladder cancer stage describes how deeply the tumour has grown through the bladder wall and whether it has spread to…
Patient Education Library Uro-Oncology
Uro-Oncology
Urine Cytology for Bladder Cancer Explained
Learn what urine cytology can detect in bladder cancer, why it is better for high-grade disease, and what a positive…
Carcinoma in Situ (CIS) of the Bladder Explained
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the bladder is a flat, high-grade urothelial cancer confined to the bladder lining.
Repeat TURBT: Why Is a Second Surgery Sometimes Needed?
Understand why repeat TURBT may be needed after bladder tumour resection, including residual disease, missing muscle, T1 staging and treatment…
Salvage Radiation After Prostate Cancer Surgery
Learn when salvage radiotherapy is considered after prostatectomy, why PSA timing matters, the role of PSMA PET and when hormone…
Chemotherapy for Advanced Prostate Cancer
Chemotherapy is an important treatment for advanced prostate cancer, most commonly using docetaxel. It is not routinely used for low-risk…
Genetic Testing in Prostate Cancer: BRCA and Hereditary Risk
Understand germline and tumour genetic testing in prostate cancer, BRCA and related genes, treatment implications and what results can mean…
MRI Fusion Prostate Biopsy Explained
MRI fusion prostate biopsy uses a previously acquired multiparametric prostate MRI to target suspicious lesions during ultrasound-guided biopsy.
PSMA PET Scan for Prostate Cancer Explained
A PSMA PET scan is a highly sensitive imaging test used in selected patients with prostate cancer to look for…
Prostate Biopsy Report Explained
A prostate biopsy report confirms whether prostate cancer is present and describes features that help estimate its aggressiveness.
Transperineal vs Transrectal Prostate Biopsy
Transperineal and transrectal prostate biopsy obtain tissue from the same prostate but use different needle routes.
Nephroureterectomy Explained
Radical nephroureterectomy is the standard operation for most high-risk, non-metastatic upper tract urothelial cancers.